Culture

Ukraine has been developing its own original culture since very early times of its history. There were periods when Ukrainian culture experienced considerable influences of other cultures such as those of Byzantium and of the Vikings (in the medieval times of Kyivan Rus), but basically it preserved its general original quality. The Old Ukrainian language was used as Latin of Eastern Europe for a period of time.

Though oral literature existed in the very early periods of Ukraine's history, written elite literature began to develop from the end of the 10th century. After the adoption of Christianity which gave a big boost for the development of culture in general. The churches of Kyiv - and their number - caused admiration of foreign travellers visiting the city in the 11th and 12th centuries. The eleventh-century Grand Duke Yarsolav the Wise founded a library which became one of the biggest in Europe, and promoted the institution of schools, including those for girls. In later centuries, literacy was widely spread in Ukraine.

In spite of a turbulent and dramatic history, Ukraine has preserved a cultural constant from the early times of its existence. Book printing began in Ukraine in the 16th century and the first establishment of higher learning - the first not only in Ukraine but in the whole of Eastern Europe - Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, sprang up in the early 17th century.

Notwithstanding its colonial status, Ukraine had a wide spectrum of art and literature which entered a phase of stepped-up development in the 18th century. Poetic and prose works written by Taras Shevchenko, the most revered cultural figure of Ukraine, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Lesya Ukrayinka, Ivan Franko, Mykhaylo Kotsyubynsky and other authors of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, were a worthy contribution to world literature.

Folk music, and later symphonic and opera music were and are among Ukraine's cultural strengths.

National traditions and rituals

Ukrainian national traditions, customs, and oral folk literature reflect Old Ukrainian pre-Christian, and Christian cultures. The rituals derive from the folk calendar, religious celebrations like Christmas, Easter and Whitsuntide, Ivana Kupala (St.John's Eve), New Year, and the autumn folk festivals dedicated to the end of the agricultural work.

Ukrainians have typical wedding habits, family traditions connected with crafts and jobs (the first day of sowing, beginning of the harvest), along with traditional symbols (straw didukh, decorated pysanka Easter eggs), holy water, and traditional dishes like kutia (boiled wheat with honey and poppy seed), paskha Easter bread, varenyky (something like ravioli), and pancakes. The rituals include folk dances, carols, fortune-telling, and blessing with water.

Holidays were celebrated during periods of transition from one type of agricultural activity to another. Easter, for example, is a spring holiday. Spring is a time of ploughing and sowing in the fields, a time of warmth and rebirth after a cold, hungry winter. In pagan times Ukrainians believed that the gods died and were reborn every year. An example of a pagan ritual is the dyeing of eggs.

To the Christian Ascention Day (the 40th day after Easter) Ukrainians added a pre-Christian tradition of going to the field to inspect the progress of the wheat.

The Trinity is celebrated on the 50th day after Easter in summer. Traditionally, people decorated their homes with green tree branches and fragrant herbs. Another summer holiday full of magic and ritual is known as Saint Kupala (July 7). During the day everyone has to be at least immersed in water. This was the last holiday before the harvest.

August 2nd is known as St. Illia Day which marked the beginning of autumn. People say - "Until dinner it's summer, after dinner it's autumn". On the 19th of August known as Saviour Day vegetables, fruit, mushrooms and honey were blessed. Weddings usually took place in the middle of October. A unique feature of Ukrainian Christmas festivities is the Vertep or puppet theatre. Young people would get together; dress as angels, kings, Herod, animals. They walk from house to house singing Koliadky, greeting everyone with the holiday.

Literature

The literature of Kyivan Rus' is represented by numerous Old Church Slavonic documents. About 1500 manuscripts have been found so far, among them well-known autobiographies of the first prelates of Rus', Olha and Volodymyr; biographies of the great martyrs Borys and Hlib; the first collection of laws, the Ruska Pravda; historical chronicle Povist' vrem'ianykh lit (Tale of Bygone Years); and Slovo o polku Ihorevim (Lay of the Host of Ihor). The Middle Ages also left a legacy of hundreds of dumy (historical songs), lyrical folk poetry, and tales.

The first printings shops appeared in the sixteenth century and during the next two centuries thirteen printing houses were established in Kyiv, Chernihiv, Lviv, Lutsk, Kremenets, Uman, etc. The first Ukrainian newspaper Gazette de Leopol was first published in 1776.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Ukrainian literature experienced a renaissance despite the Polish and Russian countermeasures. Cossack chronicles and hundreds of works written in Ukrainian have come down to us. It was the time of famed Ukrainian philosopher, writer, and educator Hryhory Skovoroda. Ivan Kotliarevsky's Eneyida, where Virgil's Aeneid heroes were turned into Ukrainian Cossaks, introduced a new age of Ukrainian literature.

In 1840, Taras Shevchenko's collection of poetry Kobzar was published which raised Ukrainian literature to world standards. He was also a renowned fighter for freedom of the Ukrainian people in the nineteenth century.

Also making great contributions to the Ukraine's of the nineteenth century heritage were such writers as Ivan Franko, Lesia Ukrainka, Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Ivan Nechui-Levytsky, Pavlo Hrabovsky, et.al.

The literature of the twenties century was characterized by two different movements when part of the authors remained in Ukraine and many others fled to form the Diaspora now scattered all over the world. Many writers and patriots - among them Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Pavlo Tychyna, Ostap Vyshnia, Volodymyr Sosiura, Vasyl Stus, Oles Honchar, and Lina Kostenko - tried to express themselves under the totalitarian Soviet regime. At the same time the Ukrainian Diaspora enriched the national literature with such names as Olha Teliha, Ivan Bahriany and Yuri Lypa, who had to write far away from their native land. Independence has made it possible for all of today's readers to get access to the Ukrainian literary heritage that would be unknown to them.

Music

Folk music in Ukraine reflects the gains and traditions of the Kyivan Rus'. These were mainly ritual songs sung acappella. Historical songs (dumy) and kobza-playing appeared as typical Ukrainian folk genres in the sixteenth century. The Hlukhin School of singing and Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was the core of musical education from the seventeenth to early nineteenth century’s. Ukrainian choral music reached its peak owing to the works of Dmytro Bortniansky, Maksym Berezovsky, and Artemi Vedel.

The first Ukrainian opera, Zaporozhets za Dunayem (A Zaporozhzhian Cossack Beyond the Danube), by Semen Hulak-Artemovsky was written in 1863. Ukrainian classical music was dominated by Mykola Lysenko (1842-1912) and in the twentieth its traditions were further augmented by Levko Revutsky, Borys Liatoshynsky, Stanislav Liudkevich, Volodymyr Barvinsky, Kost Dankevych, and Hryhory Maiborada.

Independence has encouraged the development of all musical directions: Ukrainian song is being restored; there are musical genres in popular music: Cossak songs and song poetry, Polissia magic pop, and Kolomiya rap. Numerous new festivals and competitions have sprung up and the most popular are the Tavriya Games. Opera art festivals, international organ and piano music festivals have become a tradition.

Theatre

The roots of the Ukrainian theatre lie in the mythology of the ancient Slavs. There were prince and retinue theatres in Kyivan Rus'. In 1573, the first puppet theatre was founded. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the professional Ukrainian theatre was established.

Les Kurbas is considered to be the founder of the modern Ukrainian theatre. Despite the suppression by the Soviet power of national traditions, Ukrainian theatres continued to develop with the number of theatres and drama troupes constantly increasing. Many Ukrainian producers and actors were recognized all over world. Independence has encouraged the dramatic arts. Private theatres have emerged and held festivals that feature the best acting groups from many countries of Europe, America, and Asia. These are: Mystetske Berezillya ("The Art of Berezillya", Kyiv), Zolotyi Lev (Golden Lion, Lviv), and Serge Lyfar Ballet Competition. New artistic approaches have been expressed by I.Borys, S.Danchenko, S.Moiseyev, and V.Petrov. Producer Roman Viktiuk is now widely known thanks to his work. He is actually making the greatest impact to the world theatre aesthetics at the end of the twentieth century. Among stars of the contemporary Ukrainian stage, there are such names as Bohdan Stupka, Borys Kozak, Fedir Stryhun, Ada Rohovtseva, and Valeriya Zaklunna.

Cinema

The directing career of Oleksandr Dovzhenko was one of the landmarks in twentieth century world cinematography. His works have entered the golden heritage of the Ukrainian and world cinema. In 1958 at the International exhibition in Brussels his film Earth (1930) was recognized as one of the best twelve films of all times and nations.

From the 1960s to the 1990s, the Ukrainian schools of poetic, historical, and documentary films were the focus of attention. Films by Ukrainian directors have enjoyed success at international festivals and contests.

Many awards of international prestige were won by Serhiy Paradzhanov's film, Shadows of Ancestors Forgotten, winning a place among the classics of the Ukrainian cinema (alongside with Babylon XX by Ivan Mykolaichuk, and the Petition Lost by B.Ivchenko). In the 1960s, the film won first prize at the International Cinema Festival in Mar del Plata (Argentine), the Cup of the Festival of Festivals in Rome, award of the British Academy of Film and Television, Gold Prize in Thessalonike (Greece). The film Swan Lake: The Zone (by Paradzhanov and Yury Illienko, 1990) was the first in the history of Ukrainian film to win the grand prix of the Cannes film festival.

News features and documentary films of independence show the pages of the Ukrainian history, culture, national traditions, that were forgotten or hidden before. The best films are widely recognized by international audience. Such films as Fuzhou by Yury Illienko, Asthenic Syndrome by Kira Muratova, and The Voice of Grass by N.Motuzko have gained great popularity at film festivals in Cannes, Rotterdam, and Berlin. The Friend of the Deceased by V.Kryshtofovych has been great success in the prestigious Two Weeks of a Film Director program in Cannes. The Ukrainian film The Derelict was awarded the grand prix at the 36th San Remo Film Festival.

Architecture

Ukraine's architecture began developing during the 9th century during the Kievan Rus era. Buildings from this time period were constructed out of wood and included churches, fortifications and palaces. Timber was placed in horizontal sections with a hipped roof that provided a base for further construction. An example of a residential home in this style is seen in Chernihiv. At around the same time the Byzantine style began to take root in Kievan Rus. Both architectural styles had an influence on each other. Byzantine domes were reformed and colors used in decorating became more Rus.

From the 12th to the 15th century defensive structures such as castles, fortresses and protected monasteries were constructed in populated areas. Decorative patterns can be seen on the massive walls of these buildings in the form of red brick plakhta. Fortified monasteries closely resembled castles as they were carefully adapted to guard against attack.

Between the 16th and 17th centuries a new form of architecture arose in Ukraine that was Renaissance. This is clearly seen in the the architecture of Ukraine's Lviv. Renaissance style greatly developed Ukraine's Baroque style. Soon a completely Ukrainian form of Baroque architecture was born. During the 18th century Ukraine's architecture began to feature plastering. Classicism came to the fore at that time and more public buildings and palaces were built. Ukraine's architecture of the late 1800s and early 1900s took on a variety of styles such as modern, neo-classicism, neo-Gothic and Moorish.

Sadly, numerous stunning buildings were destroyed during the communist regime. Despite this many exquisite examples of Ukrainian architecture can be viewed throughout the country.

Painting and sculpture

The mosaics and frescoes of the St.Sophia Cathedral (eleventh-twelfth centuries) and other ornaments of Kyiv churches have been preserved. The surviving paintings of the Kyivan Rus' are, however, not numerous. With the waning of the Middle Ages the Renaissance became the dominant influence on Ukrainian culture, its icon paintings, and later in portrait styles. Gradually, the visual arts began to evoke national sentiments. Classicism and realism in Ukrainian art were greatly influenced by the heritage of the poet and painter Taras Shevchenko. Many Ukrainian artists from the mid-nineteenth through early twentieth centuries devoted their works to the picturesque and poetic nature of their native land (Illya Riepin, I.Aivazovsky, and A.Kuindzhi).

The early twentieth century was marked with an intensive spread of the avant-garde in painting and sculpture. The new movements were evident in the work of V.Yermylov, K.Malevych, O.Bohomazov, and the sculptures of Oleksandr Arkhypenko, who was a pioneer of Cubism. The most famous Ukrainian painters of the twentieth century are well-known: Mykola Boichuk (Monumentalism), Heorhy Narbut (Neobaroque), Tetiana Yablonska, Hryhory Yakutovych, and Mariya Primachenko.

Preservation and restoration of historic monuments

More than 500 cities of Ukraine have a history of more than 900 years old and 4500 villages of Ukraine are more than 300 years old. Historical cities and villages are our national riches.

There are 150,000 monuments of culture, history, archaeology, citybuilding, architecture, palaces and park building art, as well as 300 museums in Ukraine. Seven national historical and cultural preserves have been created. More values are the monuments of Kyivan Rus (IX - XII centuries) epoch - 80 % of the monuments of this period are concentrated on the territory of Ukraine. The most remarkable monuments are the Kyyevo-Pecherska Lavra (Kyivan Cave Monastery), the St. Sophia's Cathedral and the historical center of Lviv city. They have been entered into the List of the World Heritage of UNESCO. Very rich historical and cultural heritage is represented by St.Andrew`s and St.Cyryl`s Church in Kyiv, historical monuments, and the cultural heritage of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. Also there are monuments about the days of the national liberation struggle of Ukrainian people in 1648 – 1654 and World War II.   There are architectural and house-holding museums under open sky in Kyiv, Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky, Lviv, Uzhgorod, Chernivtsi, Galych, art galleries in Kyiv, Odesa, Feodosiya, Lviv, Kharkiv etc. Tourists are very interested in architectural monuments of various epochs and styles: monuments of defensive architecture - fortresses in Lutsk, Medzhybizh, Kamyanets-Podilsky, Khotyn, Bilgorod-Dnistrovsky, Uzhgorod, Mukacheve; palace complexes in Crimea, in Lviv and Chernigiv regions; monuments of wooden worship and civil architecture in the Carpathians.

Today many old cathedrals and churches are under restoration: the Cathedral of St.Michael's Monastery of the Golden Domes in Kyiv, Uspensky Cathedral in Kyiv-Pecherska Lavra (Monastery of the Caves). There are over 20,000 architectural monuments in Ukraine and the most famous of them are included in the UNESCO World Heritage list. Important events in recent years has been the renewal of the memory of Ukrainian historocal figures: the erection of monuments in honor of Princess Olha, Prince Volodymyr the Great, Taras Shevchenko, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, memorials to victims of Stalinist 1930s-1940s repression, and victims of famine of 1930s.